Whistling arrow bandits had troubled the Capital Region throughout the first three decades of the sixteenth century. Xiangmazei (whistling arrow bandits) was a category of mounted bandits named after their practice of firing whistling arrows to alert their victims. Mounted banditry was the major and pervasive type of banditry plaguing roads around the capital Beijing and its surrounding areas, administrated and named as the Capital Region. However, the Northern China and the middle Ming period (1450–1525) had their fair share of banditry. Banditry was especially pervasive in the southern provinces (most notably Guangdong and Fujian) and the second half of the dynasty (1506-1644). Tong concludes that his "rational choice model predicts that there would be more rebellions and banditry where the likelihood of surviving hardship is minimal but the likelihood of surviving as an outlaw is maximal." As a result, Tong finds that banditry, like other types of collective violence, had a spatial and temporal pattern. He identifies multiple important factors in peasants' calculation of whether to become bandits or not, such as the government's ability to punish bandits. Tong analyzes that the peasants had to make a "rational choice" between surviving harsh conditions and surviving through illegal activities of banditry. Tong uses data from provincial and prefectural gazetteers of the Ming and the Qing Dynasties to analyze patterns of violence during the Ming Dynasty. In his 1991 book Disorder under Heaven: Collective Violence in the Ming Dynasty, James W. ![]() Ming China was largely an agricultural society and contemporary observers remarked that famine and subsequent hardship often gave rise to banditry. China Ming China īanditry (Dao, qiangdao) in Ming China (1368–1644) was defined by the Ming government as “‘robbery by force’ punishable by death.” But throughout the dynasty, people had entered into the occupation of banditry for various reasons and the occupation of banditry was fluid and temporary. German authorities suppressed partisan opposition with maximum force Īnd, usually, with the mass slavery of civilians from partisan-controlled areas. In Nazi-occupied Europe from 1939 to 1945, the German doctrine of Bandenbekämpfung ("bandit fighting") portrayed opponents of the Greater Germanic Reich as "bandits" - dangerous criminals who did not deserve any consideration as human beings. In modern usage the word has become a synonym for "thief", hence the term " one-armed bandit" for gambling machines that can leave the gambler with no money. The New English Dictionary on Historical Principles (NED) defined "bandit" in 1885 as "one who is proscribed or outlawed hence, a lawless desperate marauder, a brigand: usually applied to members of the organized gangs which infest the mountainous districts of Italy, Sicily, Spain, Greece, Iran, and Turkey". ![]() In modern Italian, the equivalent word "bandito" literally means banned or a banned person. The legal term in the Holy Roman Empire was Acht or Reichsacht, translated as " Imperial ban". The term bandit (introduced to English via Italian around 1776) originates with the early Germanic legal practice of outlawing criminals, termed *bamnan (English ban). ![]() Banditry is a vague concept of criminality and in modern usage can be synonymous for gangsterism, brigandage, marauding, terrorism, piracy and thievery. A person who engages in banditry is known as a bandit and primarily commits crimes such as extortion, robbery, and murder, either as an individual or in groups. Carmine Crocco's lieutenant Agostino Sacchitiello and members of his band from Bisaccia, Campania photographed in 1862īanditry is a type of organized crime committed by outlaws typically involving the threat or use of violence. For other uses, see Bandit (disambiguation).
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